Профсмена 2020 Осень

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Тест. День 3

7th grade. Last call

Всем привет. Последняя возможность затащить!

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9th Grade. Nucleic Acids

DNA & RNA (Nucleic Acids)

Learning Outcomes

Content: to be able to explain different roles of DNA and RNA in the cell;

to be able to explain relationship between the DNA, RNA and protein molecules in the cell.

Language: to be able to use specific vocabulary in explaining molecules in your body; clearly and concisely summarise facts and describe their interrelationships.

1 (team work) Answer the question: ‘What is DNA and WHY do we need it?’

2 (individual work) Answer the question after reading the text. ‘What role does complementary base pairing play in the functions of nucleic acids?’

If the primary structure of polypeptides determines a protein’s shape, what determines primary structure? The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a discrete unit of inheritance known as a gene. Genes consist of DNA, which belongs to the class of compounds called nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are polymers made of monomers called nucleotides.The two types of nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next. Unique among molecules, DNA provides directions for its own replication. DNA also directs RNA synthesis and, through RNA, controls protein synthesis; this entire process is called gene expression.A gene’s meaning to the cell is encoded in its specific sequence of the four DNA bases. DNA molecules have two polynucleotides, or “strands,” that wind around an imaginary axis, forming a double helix. In base pairing, only certain bases in the double helix are compatible with each other. Adenine (A) in one strand always pairs with thymine (T) in the other, and guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C). Note that in RNA, adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U); thymine (T) is not present in RNA.

3 (individual work). Do you know meaning of the words and phrases in the video? Use a dictionary to match the words with their translation.

blueprint

to line up

sequence

noodle

4 (individual work). Answer questions after watching the DNA & RNA video (https://goo.gl/FusGSw).

1. How can a DNA act as a blueprint for something as complex and wonderful as a dog?
2. Explain the chain of events from DNA molecule to the protein.

5 (pair work). Construct a table that organises the following terms, and label the columns and rows.

Monosaccharides Fatty acids Polypeptides Triacylglycerols

Polynucleotides Polysaccharides Amino acids Nucleotides

8th Grade small Online quiz

Hey everyone. This is the last opportunity to grab some grade.

Title: Bones and Muscles Quiz

Purpose: to enjoy and get more knowledge and practical skills

Quiz: LINK is here

The newest lesson. 10th grade

 Hey, everyone. New lesson is here.

Topic: Enzymes

Purpose: to enjoy

Link to the file: HERE

The Human Muscles. 8th Grade lesson

Hey guys. Here is the new lesson on Muscles. Enjoy!

Vocabulary:

within

cardiac

circulatory system

follicle

vessel

striation

branched

to contract

pacemaker

spindle

The Human Muscles

Learning Outcomes

Content: to be able to recall different types of muscle;

to be able to explain the function and structure of skeletal, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

Language: to be able to describe the function of each category of muscle

1 (pair work). Which element is important in contraction of muscle? Can you think of other things affecting your muscles?

1. sodium (Na+) 2. calcium (Ca++) 3. potassium (K+)

2 (individual work). True or False. Correct the false sentences. Use the text below.

A___There can be four types of muscles.

B___Walls of small intestine mainly made of a smooth muscle.

C___Pacemaker cells are found only in the heart.

D___Striated muscles work using two types of proteins: actin and myosin.

E___Skeletal and smooth muscle cells have one nucleus.

3 (individual work). Answer the questions.

1. What are functions of skeletal muscles?
2. What are differences between cardiac and smooth muscles organisation?

4 (team work). Discuss your answers.

Muscle is the tissue in human that allows active movement of the body or materials within the body. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Most of the body’s skeletal muscle produces movement by acting on the skeleton. Cardiac muscle is found in the wall of the heart and pumps blood through the circulatory system. Smooth muscle is found in the skin, where it is associated with hair follicles; it is also found in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels.

Skeletal muscles maintain posture, stabilise bones and joints, control internal movement, and create heat. Skeletal muscle fibers are long and cells have many nucleuses. Muscle fibers are made of myofibrils. The striations are created by the organisation of actin and myosin resulting in the banding pattern of myofibrils.

Cardiac muscle is striated muscle that is present only in the heart. Cardiac muscle fibers have a single nucleus, are branched, and joined to one another by intercalated discs to hold the fibers together when the heart contracts. Contraction in each cardiac muscle fiber is triggered by Ca++ ions in a similar manner as skeletal muscle. Pacemaker cells stimulate the sudden contraction of cardiac muscle as a functional unit.

Smooth muscle is found throughout the body around different organs and tracts. Smooth muscle cells have a single nucleus, and are spindle-shaped. Smooth muscle can be stimulated by pacemaker cells, by the autonomic nervous system, by hormones, suddenly, or by stretching.

5 (individual work). This is the key vocabulary for the Muscles video. Use a dictionary to match the words with their translation.

to propel

to blink

thump

bundle

cilia

complementary

buccinator

to spread

6 (individual work). Answer questions after watching the Muscles video (https://goo.gl/gCc2qy)

A. Describe the functional difference between fast and slow twitch muscles.

B. What benefits does the muscular system provide, other than just helping you to move?

And watch THIS ONE at home

9th Grade. Nucleic Acids

 

Hey everyone. Small story on DNA first. Then video test. Enjoy!

Life’s Enigma Code

In the mid-to-late 1940s, scientists began to suspect that the molecules that are responsible for heredity were not proteins, but in fact DNA, short for deoxyribonucleic acid. But how could a molecule long considered to be simple and inert hold the secret of life? The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962 was awarded to James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins for their discovery of the molecular structure of DNA, which helped solve one of the most important of all biological riddles.

Wilkins and his colleague Rosalind Franklin provided the key X-ray diffraction patterns that Watson and Crick used, as well as information from many other scientists, to build the definitive model of DNA’s structure. The structure, as simple and elegant as it is profound, shows that two long strands of DNA run in opposite directions and spiral around one another in the shape of a double helix. Another vital element in the structure is that four organic bases – known as adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine – are paired in a specific manner between the two helices in such a way as to provide a natural scaffold for the two strands.

Watson and Crick’s structure of DNA could also explain how information is transferred in living material. The specific base pairing facilitates the perfect copying facility for heredity, while the specific order of bases forms the blueprint for the sequence of amino acids in a protein. DNA molecules can ‘unzip’ into two separate strands, and when the cell’s machinery creates matching strands, the specific pairing between the bases ensures that you get two faithful copies where you had one before. Watson and Crick’s paper revealing the structure, published in Nature on 25 April 1953, contains perhaps one of scientific literature’s most famous understatements: “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.”

(This was originally posted on https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1962/speedread/)

And NOW, Test

9th Grade. Organic molecules lesson. Proteins

Hey there. The newest lesson on Proteins. Enjoy!
Proteins

Learning Outcomes

Content: to be able to explain different structures and functions of proteins.

Language: to be able to use specific vocabulary in explaining proteins in your body.

Vocabulary 

enzymes 

carrier 

side chain 

polypeptide 

to denaturate 

1 (pair work). Which of these things are proteins? Can you think of other examples?

1 egg-white       2 hemoglobin      3 green leaf

2 (individual work). True or False. Correct the false sentences. Use the text below.
1___Proteins are made of nucleic acids.
2___Function of the protein changes with the shape.
3___Amino acids differ from each other in the amino groups.
4___All amino acids have carboxyl group and amino group.
5___Usually enzymes are proteins.

3 (individual work). Answer questions.
A. What is an amino acid?
B. What are differences between four levels of proteins?

Proteins are a class of macromolecules that perform a diverse range of functions for the cell. They help in metabolism by providing structural support and by acting as enzymes, carriers, or hormones. The building blocks of proteins (monomers) are amino acids. Each amino acid has a central carbon that is linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group or side chain. There are 20 commonly occurring amino acids, each of which differs in the R group. Each amino acid is linked to its neighbours by a peptide bond. A long chain of amino acids is known as a polypeptide.Proteins are organised at four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the unique sequence of amino acids. The local folding of the polypeptide to form structures such as the α helix and β-pleated sheet makes the secondary structure. The overall three dimensional structure is the tertiary structure. When two or more polypeptides combine to form the complete protein structure, the configuration is known as the quaternary structure of a protein. Protein shape and function are linked; any change in shape caused by changes in temperature or pH may lead to protein denaturation and a loss in function.

4 (individual work). This is the key vocabulary for the Proteins. Do you know meaning of these words and phrases? Use a dictionary to match the words with their translation.

to coil

to denature

to spin

to fold

to dissolve

velocity

to untangle

5 (individual work). Answer questions after watching the Proteins video

1. Why would large proteins be harder to untangle and refold than smaller ones?

1. Explain why raw egg white is liquid while boiled egg white is solid and bouncy?

6 (team work). Discuss answers with your team.

10th Grade Extra material!

 LInk LInk LInk

Classroom Lab Work. 8th Grade. Bones, Joints, Muscles

Hey there everybody. Today we cut, cut, cut. Don't cut yourself. Go ahead!

Title: Structure of bones, muscles and joints

Purpose: to identify structure of the bone; to identify muscle fiber structure; to understand cartilage, tendons and ligaments functions.

Equipment: 

Background: Our leg is very much like that of a chicken leg including:

femur (thigh bone)

knee (hinge joint)

fibula and tibia (smaller bones of the shin)

cartilage

ligaments

These are all part of our skeletal system. Beyond that, we also have similar muscle structure, tendons, fat. We will be exploring each of these similar characteristics.

Procedure:

Part 1. Examine the chicken leg and wing.

A. Review the tissues that are visible (fat, muscle, cartilage, bone).

B. Pick up the leg and bend the joint of it or of the wing instead. Notice is a hinge joint because it only moves in one direction. 

C. (Practice!) Using your tools, carefully cut away some of the muscle to see tendons (white areas of the muscle) that connect the muscle to the bone. Tendons are part of the muscular system. Tendons are near the ends of the bones. Ligaments are more  difficult to locate. Ligaments attach the bones to other bones. Look around the joint and try to locate ligaments. Also look at the cartilage for viewing. The cartilage surrounds the bone where it would be touching another bone. Cartilage is the protective material between bones.

D. Carefully cut away the muscle, fat, tendons, and practice identifying the different parts of the muscular system.

E. Structure of the muscle (Practice!)

1. Put a piece of meat into a dissection tray.

2. Remove a few muscle fibers from the meat you have.

3. Put the fiber on a slide.

4. Put 2 drops of methyl blue compound on it.

5. Examine the fiber under the high power objective..

6. Notice the number and structure of muscle cells and their position in relation to each other.

7. Draw your observations in the RESULT section.

Part 2. Fill in the blanks.

A. The connective tissue that attaches muscles to bone is called _______________.

What is the name of the connective tissue that covers the ends of the bone? ________________

After removing the muscles, you should see bones. Which bones do you see? _____________ _______________ ________________

Notice the joint of the knee or wing. Can you see the ball and socket joint, as well? _______________

What other systems have you observed in this chicken leg other than the skeletal system?

You should be able to name at LEAST two more systems with examples of what you saw.

Important points to remember:

- cartilage is between bones

- ligaments hold bone to bone

- tendons hold muscle to bone

Part 3. Bone structure (Practice!)

Break the long bone. Examine the inside of the bone. Do you see the bone marrow? _________ Describe it
Carefully break the largest bone. Do not crush the bone. Observe the red jelly-like tissue inside the bone. Remember this is the bone marrow. Marrow produces all blood cells and platelets for use throughout our body. Red blood cells carry food and oxygen to all cells in our body. Platelets allow blood to clot rather than continue free flowing. Poke the marrow with the point of the scissors to show  the consistency of the marrow.

Result: PICTURES and do this

Conclusion: write ususal conslusion please

9th Grade Laboratory Work. Catalase Enzyme Activity

Title: Catalase enzyme activity.

Purpose: To identify factors affecting enzyme activity in the cell (catalase enzyme).

Equipment: 2 beakers labeled A, B; vinegar; cold and hot water; peroxide 100ml for each lab; 1 potato for each lab.

Background: In green plants and our body, H2O2 forms when alcohol is broken down. H2O2 is a strong oxidant. It has harmful effects on living cells. To prevent this, catalase enzyme, found in cells, breaks down the H2O2 into oxygen and water. The reaction below shows the breakdown of H2O2 into H2O and O2.

2H2O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→2H2O +O2

Procedure:

We proceed by changing factors affecting catalase enzyme activity. There are four factors which we cover in our lab. In each step you have to draw graph (dependence reaction rate from time) showing changes of rate of reaction.

1. Enzyme amount
2. Substrate (the substance on which an enzyme acts) amount
3. Substrate acidity (using vinegar)
4. Reaction temperature

Result:

Conclusion:

10th Grade. Science Lesson. Next in a row

 

Hey everyone. The next lesson. And it is about using petroleum and its derivatives. Enjoy!

8th Grade BYOD. Skeletal System

The Human Skeleton

Learning Outcomes

Content: to be able to classify bones according to their shapes

Language: to be able tp describe the function of each category of bones

1 (individual work). Fill in the blanks in the table after reading the paragraph.

The 206 bones that compose the adult skeleton are divided into five categories based on their shapes. A long bone is one that is cylindrical in shape, being longer than it is wide. The term describesthe shape of a bone, not its size. Long bones are found in the arms (humerus (upper arm bone), ulna (arm bone), radius) and legs (femur (thigh bone), tibia (lower-leg bone), fibula (leg bone), as well as in the fingers (hand bones, phalanges) and toes (foot bone, phalanges). Long bones function as levers; they move when muscles contract.A short bone is one that is cube-like in shape, being about equal in length, width, and thickness. The only short bones in the human skeleton are in the bones of the wrists and the bones of the tarsus. Short bones provide stability and support as well as some limited motion.A flat bone is typically thin, it is also often curved. Examples include the cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone), and the ribs. Flat bones serve as points of joining for muscles and often protect internal organs.An irregular bone does not fit any other classification. These bones have more complex shapes, like the vertebrae that support the spinal cord and protect it from compressive forces. Many facial bones, especially the ones containing channels which contain blood, are classified as irregular bones.A sesamoid bone is a small, round bone that, as the name suggests, is shaped like a sesame seed. These bones form in tendons (the sheaths of tissue that connect bones to muscles) where a great deal of pressure is generated in a joint. The sesamoid bones protect tendons by helping them overcome compressive forces. Sesamoid bones vary in number and placement from person to person but are typically found in tendons associated with the feet, hands, and knees. The patellae (singular = patella) are the only sesamoid bones found in common with every person.

Bone classification	Features	Function(s)	Examples

2 (individual work). Fill in the blanks by using words and phrases below.

sesamoid

irregular

short

flat

long

ribs

femur

carpals

patellae

face

Bones can be classified according to their shapes. (A)_______ bones, such as the (B)_______, are longer than they are wide. (C)_______ bones, such as the (D)_______, are approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. (E)_______ bones are thin, but are often curved, such as the (F)_______. (G)_______ bones such as those of the (H)_______ have no characteristic shape. (I)_______ bones, such as the (J)_______, are small and round, and are located in tendons.

3 (pair work). Think out of the box!

What are the structural and functional differences between the femur and the patella?

BYOD 9th Grade. Organic Molecules. Lipids

Hey hi. Here is the next topic on organic molecules. Enjoy!

Organic Molecules. Lipids

Learning outcomes

Content: to be able to distinguish different types of fats and their main functions

Language: to be able to use specific vocabulary in explaining molecules in your body; to get familiar with usage of comparative and superlative structures.

1 Team work. Answer question “Why is the river otter remains dry after swimming?”

2 Pair work. Answer questions in your notebook after reading the text.

Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers, and they are generally not big enough to be considered macromolecules. The compounds called lipids are grouped with each other because they share one important trait: they mix poorly, if at all, with water. The hydrophobic behaviour of lipids is based on their molecular structure. We will focus on the types of lipids that are most biologically important: fats, phospholipids, and steroids.Fats are large molecules assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration reactions. A fat is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. The relatively nonpolar C-H bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids are the reason fats are hydrophobic. In making a fat, three fatty acid molecules are each joined to glycerol by an ester linkage. Phospholipids are essential for cells because they are major constituents of cell membranes. Their structure provides a classic example of how form fits function at the molecular level. Phospholipid is similar to a fat molecule but has only two fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than three. At the surface of a cell, phospholipids are arranged in a similar bilayer. Steroids are lipids characterised by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Cholesterol, a type of steroid, is an important molecule in animals. It is a common component of animal cell membranes and is also the compound from which other steroids, such as the vertebrate sex hormones, are made.

Questions. Pair work

1. Compare the structure of a fat with that of a phospholipid.
2. Why are human sex hormones considered lipids?
3. Suppose a membrane surrounded an oil droplet, as it does in the cells of plant seeds and in some animal cells. Draw it.

3 Individual work. Answer questions after watching the Lipids video (https://goo.gl/u9LBu1).

1. What are components of Triglycerides?
2. Rank the three types of fat in order from most to least healthy
3. Partial hydrogenation of cis (healthy) fats results in trans fats. What do you think full hydrogenation of unsaturated fats results in?

9th Grade BYOD. Organic Molecules. Carbohydrates

Organic Molecules. Carbohydrates

Learning outcomes

Content: to be able to distinguish different types of carbs and their main functions

Language: to be able to use specific vocabulary in explaining molecules in your body; to get familiar with usage of comparative and superlative structures.

1 Individual work. Answer question after reading the text and researching pictures.

The macromolecules in three of the four classes of life’s organic compounds—carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, all except lipids—are chain-like molecules called polymers. A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds, much as a train consists of a chain of cars. The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer are smaller molecules called monomers. Some monomers also have other functions of their own.

Dehydration (making of the molecule) and Hydrolysis (breaking down) reactions

2 Individual work. Think free! Answer question:

How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyse a polymer that is ten monomers long?

3 Team work. Discuss answers with your team

4 Individual work. Fill in the blanks by using given words:

disaccharides

storage

polysaccharides

monosaccharides

Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of sugars. The simplest carbohydrates are the (A)_____________, or simple sugars; these are the monomers from which more complex carbohydrates are built. They generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O. (B)___________ are double sugars, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond. Carbohydrate macromolecules are polymers called (C)____________, composed of many sugar building blocks. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are common monosaccharides, whereas common disaccharides include lactose, maltose, and sucrose. Starch and glycogen, examples of polysaccharides, are the (D)____________ forms of glucose in plants and animals, respectively.

5 Individual work. Just Do It! Then discuss answers with your partner.

1. Write the formula for a monosaccharide that has three carbons.

2. A dehydration reaction joins two glucose molecules to form maltose. The formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What is the formula for maltose?

6 Individual work. Watch the video and answer question.

1. QUESTION: Why do foods like meat, cheese, and eggs have the lowest glycemic index?

10th Grade Extra CW and materials

 

Hey everyone. Are you familiar with..

There are two last northern white rhinoceroses known to live in the world. Both are females and both are not capable of having a calf. Doomed to go extinct, right? Not yet. Experts have been developing unique techniques of artificial reproduction that give the northern white rhino and potentially even other rare species a hope to survive.

The northern white rhino (NWR) is perhaps the rarest mammal at the moment. These magnificent creatures roamed freely in large parts of central Africa for hundreds of thousand years. But, due to demand for rhino horn, they were poached to extinction in the wild. Their presence in nature has not been seen since 2007.

There are only two specimens known to humans at present Najin and Fatu. Both females were born in Dvůr Králové Zoo, Czech Republic, in 1989 and 2000, respectively. Thanks to a breeding program that started in the 1970s, Dvůr Králové Zoo is the only animal park in the world where the northern white rhino has been bred. However, it was back in 2000 when the last calf was born. So experts turned to artificial techniques of reproduction. In the zoo, they tried inserting a hormonal implant and artificially inseminated NWR females. But no pregnancy from these techniques occurred.

So, in the hope that natural surroundings close to their original habitat may prompt their breeding, both Najin and Fatu were transported from Dvůr Králové Zoo to Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya in 2009. Ol Pejeta was chosen by experts as the best place to try to save the NWR by getting the last fertile animals from captivity together with the last animals from the wild. Unfortunately, the specimens from the wild have never arrived to Ol Pejeta. The response of the politicians and local leaders of DR Congo was so limp, that the NWR was poached to extinction in DR Congo before they were translocated.

Currently, the only hope for the NWR lies in artificial techniques of reproduction. Apart from in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, different forms of genetic engineering like a generation of stem cells that could be later used for generating reproductive cells are being explored. These techniques are known, but most of them have not been performed in rhinos. For this reason, an international consortium called BioRescue was founded to develop suitable technologies and working protocols to rescue the NWR and to provide the opportunity to establish a self-sustaining, genetically healthy NWR population which can be reintroduced to the wild.

With the last two females, the situation of the northern white rhino is obviously critical. Unfortunately, the same applies to most of rhinos in the world. Those living in Indonesia, the Javan and the Sumatran rhino, are on the brink of extinction with estimated population of around 70 individuals in each species. It seems that similar techniques of reproduction that are used for saving the northern white rhino may assist with breeding of the Sumatran rhino too.

The largest population of rhinos can be found in Southern Africa with the southern white rhino being the most numerous. Coincidentally, our currently most common rhino was nearly extinct in the early 20th century when there were reportedly less than 20 specimens left. Today their population figure reaches approximately 18 thousand individuals. It indicates that the white rhino may be resilient to so-called genetic bottleneck – a situation in which the size of population of a species is significantly reduced. And as the southern white rhino made it through its bottleneck a hundred years ago, it nourishes hopes that the northern white rhino could make it through its bottleneck at present.

However, to ensure for any rhino species to survive, it’s necessary not only to protect them in wild areas where they live, but also to reduce demand for rhino horn, especially in countries of East Asia like Vietnam and China. At the same time, it’s necessary put pressure on the countries with the highest consumption of rhino horns to enforce existing laws and to take effective measures to halt the trade in rhino horns. Another important measure is to reduce corruption in the source countries and transit countries, and in the countries where rhino horns are illegally sold.

Here is the link for the test